Crate zerocopy

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Fast, safe, compile error. Pick two.

Zerocopy makes zero-cost memory manipulation effortless. We write unsafe so you don’t have to.

Thanks for using zerocopy 0.8! For an overview of what changes from 0.7, check out our release notes, which include a step-by-step guide for upgrading from 0.7.

Have questions? Need help? Ask the maintainers on GitHub or on Discord!

Overview

Conversion Traits

Zerocopy provides four derivable traits for zero-cost conversions:

• TryFromBytes indicates that a type may safely be converted from certain byte sequences (conditional on runtime checks)
• FromZeros indicates that a sequence of zero bytes represents a valid instance of a type
• FromBytes indicates that a type may safely be converted from an arbitrary byte sequence
• IntoBytes indicates that a type may safely be converted to a byte sequence

These traits support sized types, slices, and slice DSTs.

Marker Traits

Zerocopy provides three derivable marker traits that do not provide any functionality themselves, but are required to call certain methods provided by the conversion traits:

• KnownLayout indicates that zerocopy can reason about certain layout qualities of a type
• Immutable indicates that a type is free from interior mutability, except by ownership or an exclusive (&mut) borrow
• Unaligned indicates that a type’s alignment requirement is 1

You should generally derive these marker traits whenever possible.

Conversion Macros

Zerocopy provides six macros for safe casting between types:

• (try_)transmute (conditionally) converts a value of one type to a value of another type of the same size
• (try_)transmute_mut (conditionally) converts a mutable reference of one type to a mutable reference of another type of the same size
• (try_)transmute_ref (conditionally) converts a mutable or immutable reference of one type to an immutable reference of another type of the same size

These macros perform compile-time size and alignment checks, meaning that unconditional casts have zero cost at runtime. Conditional casts do not need to validate size or alignment runtime, but do need to validate contents.

These macros cannot be used in generic contexts. For generic conversions, use the methods defined by the conversion traits.

Byteorder-Aware Numerics

Zerocopy provides byte-order aware integer types that support these conversions; see the byteorder module. These types are especially useful for network parsing.

Cargo Features

• alloc By default, zerocopy is no_std. When the alloc feature is enabled, the alloc crate is added as a dependency, and some allocation-related functionality is added.

• std By default, zerocopy is no_std. When the std feature is enabled, the std crate is added as a dependency (ie, no_std is disabled), and support for some std types is added. std implies alloc.

• derive Provides derives for the core marker traits via the zerocopy-derive crate. These derives are re-exported from zerocopy, so it is not necessary to depend on zerocopy-derive directly.

  However, you may experience better compile times if you instead directly depend on both zerocopy and zerocopy-derive in your Cargo.toml, since doing so will allow Rust to compile these crates in parallel. To do so, do not enable the derive feature, and list both dependencies in your Cargo.toml with the same leading non-zero version number; e.g:

  [dependencies]
  zerocopy = "0.X"
  zerocopy-derive = "0.X"

  To avoid the risk of duplicate import errors if one of your dependencies enables zerocopy’s derive feature, import derives as use zerocopy_derive::* rather than by name (e.g., use zerocopy_derive::FromBytes).

• simd When the simd feature is enabled, FromZeros, FromBytes, and IntoBytes impls are emitted for all stable SIMD types which exist on the target platform. Note that the layout of SIMD types is not yet stabilized, so these impls may be removed in the future if layout changes make them invalid. For more information, see the Unsafe Code Guidelines Reference page on the layout of packed SIMD vectors.

• simd-nightly Enables the simd feature and adds support for SIMD types which are only available on nightly. Since these types are unstable, support for any type may be removed at any point in the future.

Security Ethos

Zerocopy is expressly designed for use in security-critical contexts. We strive to ensure that that zerocopy code is sound under Rust’s current memory model, and any future memory model. We ensure this by:

• …not ‘guessing’ about Rust’s semantics. We annotate unsafe code with a precise rationale for its soundness that cites a relevant section of Rust’s official documentation. When Rust’s documented semantics are unclear, we work with the Rust Operational Semantics Team to clarify Rust’s documentation.
• …rigorously testing our implementation. We run tests using Miri, ensuring that zerocopy is sound across a wide array of supported target platforms of varying endianness and pointer width, and across both current and experimental memory models of Rust.
• …formally proving the correctness of our implementation. We apply formal verification tools like Kani to prove zerocopy’s correctness.

For more information, see our full soundness policy.

Relationship to Project Safe Transmute

Project Safe Transmute is an official initiative of the Rust Project to develop language-level support for safer transmutation. The Project consults with crates like zerocopy to identify aspects of safer transmutation that would benefit from compiler support, and has developed an experimental, compiler-supported analysis which determines whether, for a given type, any value of that type may be soundly transmuted into another type. Once this functionality is sufficiently mature, zerocopy intends to replace its internal transmutability analysis (implemented by our custom derives) with the compiler-supported one. This change will likely be an implementation detail that is invisible to zerocopy’s users.

Project Safe Transmute will not replace the need for most of zerocopy’s higher-level abstractions. The experimental compiler analysis is a tool for checking the soundness of unsafe code, not a tool to avoid writing unsafe code altogether. For the foreseeable future, crates like zerocopy will still be required in order to provide higher-level abstractions on top of the building block provided by Project Safe Transmute.

MSRV

See our MSRV policy.

Changelog

Zerocopy uses GitHub Releases.

Re-exports

• pub use crate::byte_slice::*;
• pub use crate::byteorder::*;
• pub use crate::error::*;

Modules

• byte_slice
  Traits for types that encapsulate a [u8].
• byteorder
  Byte order-aware numeric primitives.
• error
  Types related to error reporting.

Macros

• include_value
  Includes a file and safely transmutes it to a value of an arbitrary type.
• transmute
  Safely transmutes a value of one type to a value of another type of the same size.
• transmute_mut
  Safely transmutes a mutable reference of one type to a mutable reference of another type of the same size and compatible alignment.
• transmute_ref
  Safely transmutes a mutable or immutable reference of one type to an immutable reference of another type of the same size and compatible alignment.
• try_transmute
  Conditionally transmutes a value of one type to a value of another type of the same size.
• try_transmute_mut
  Conditionally transmutes a mutable reference of one type to a mutable reference of another type of the same size and compatible alignment.
• try_transmute_ref
  Conditionally transmutes a mutable or immutable reference of one type to an immutable reference of another type of the same size and compatible alignment.

Structs

• Ref
  A typed reference derived from a byte slice.
• Unalign
  A type with no alignment requirement.

Traits

• FromBytes
  Types for which any bit pattern is valid.
• FromZeros
  Types for which a sequence of bytes all set to zero represents a valid instance of the type.
• Immutable
  Types which are free from interior mutability.
• IntoBytes
  Types that can be converted to an immutable slice of initialized bytes.
• KnownLayout
  Indicates that zerocopy can reason about certain aspects of a type’s layout.
• TryFromBytes
  Types for which some bit patterns are valid.
• Unaligned
  Types with no alignment requirement.

Derive Macros

• FromBytes
  Analyzes whether a type is FromBytes.
• FromZeros
  Analyzes whether a type is FromZeros.
• Immutable
  Analyzes whether a type is Immutable.
• IntoBytes
  Analyzes whether a type is IntoBytes.
• KnownLayout
  Implements KnownLayout.
• TryFromBytes
  Implements TryFromBytes.
• Unaligned
  Analyzes whether a type is Unaligned.