Struct I128

pub struct I128<O>(/* private fields */);

A 128-bit signed integer stored in a given byte order.

I128 is like the native i128 type with two major differences: First, it has no alignment requirement (its alignment is 1). Second, the endianness of its memory layout is given by the type parameter O, which can be any type which implements ByteOrder. In particular, this refers to BigEndian, LittleEndian, NativeEndian, and NetworkEndian.

An I128 can be constructed using the new method, and its contained value can be obtained as a native i128 using the get method, or updated in place with the set method. In all cases, if the endianness O is not the same as the endianness of the current platform, an endianness swap will be performed in order to uphold the invariants that a) the layout of I128 has endianness O and that, b) the layout of i128 has the platform’s native endianness.

I128 implements FromBytes, IntoBytes, and Unaligned, making it useful for parsing and serialization. See the module documentation for an example of how it can be used for parsing UDP packets.

Implementations

impl<O> I128<O>

pub const ZERO: I128<O> = _

The value zero.

This constant should be preferred to constructing a new value using new, as new may perform an endianness swap depending on the endianness and platform.

pub const fn from_bytes(bytes: [u8; 16]) -> I128<O>

Constructs a new value from bytes which are already in O byte order.

pub const fn to_bytes(self) -> [u8; 16]

Extracts the bytes of self without swapping the byte order.

The returned bytes will be in O byte order.

impl<O: ByteOrder> I128<O>

pub const fn new(n: i128) -> I128<O>

Constructs a new value, possibly performing an endianness swap to guarantee that the returned value has endianness O.

pub const fn get(self) -> i128

Returns the value as a primitive type, possibly performing an endianness swap to guarantee that the return value has the endianness of the native platform.

pub fn set(&mut self, n: i128)

Updates the value in place as a primitive type, possibly performing an endianness swap to guarantee that the stored value has the endianness O.

Trait Implementations

impl<O: ByteOrder> Add<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the + operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Add<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the + operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Add for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the + operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> AddAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the += operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> AddAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the += operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> AddAssign for I128<O>

fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the += operation.

impl<O> AsMut<[u8; 16]> for I128<O>

fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8; 16]

Converts this type into a mutable reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl<O> AsRef<[u8; 16]> for I128<O>

fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8; 16]

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Binary for I128<O>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitAnd<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the & operator.

fn bitand(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the & operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitAnd<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the & operator.

fn bitand(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the & operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitAnd for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the & operator.

fn bitand(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the & operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitAndAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn bitand_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the &= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitAndAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn bitand_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the &= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitAndAssign for I128<O>

fn bitand_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the &= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitOr<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the | operator.

fn bitor(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the | operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitOr<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the | operator.

fn bitor(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the | operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitOr for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the | operator.

fn bitor(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the | operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitOrAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the |= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitOrAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the |= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitOrAssign for I128<O>

fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the |= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitXor<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the ^ operator.

fn bitxor(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the ^ operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitXor<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the ^ operator.

fn bitxor(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the ^ operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitXor for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the ^ operator.

fn bitxor(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the ^ operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitXorAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn bitxor_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the ^= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitXorAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn bitxor_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the ^= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> BitXorAssign for I128<O>

fn bitxor_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the ^= operation.

impl<O: Clone> Clone for I128<O>

fn clone(&self) -> I128<O>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Debug for I128<O>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<O> Default for I128<O>

fn default() -> I128<O>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Display for I128<O>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Div<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the / operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Div<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the / operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Div for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the / operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> DivAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the /= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> DivAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the /= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> DivAssign for I128<O>

fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the /= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> From<[u8; 16]> for I128<O>

fn from(bytes: [u8; 16]) -> I128<O>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<O: ByteOrder> From<I128<O>> for [u8; 16]

fn from(x: I128<O>) -> [u8; 16]

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<O: ByteOrder> From<I128<O>> for i128

fn from(x: I128<O>) -> i128

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<O: ByteOrder, P: ByteOrder> From<I16<O>> for I128<P>

fn from(x: I16<O>) -> I128<P>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<O: ByteOrder, P: ByteOrder> From<I32<O>> for I128<P>

fn from(x: I32<O>) -> I128<P>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<O: ByteOrder, P: ByteOrder> From<I64<O>> for I128<P>

fn from(x: I64<O>) -> I128<P>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<O: ByteOrder> From<i128> for I128<O>

fn from(x: i128) -> I128<O>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<O> FromBytes for I128<O>

where [u8; 16]: FromBytes, PhantomData<O>: FromBytes,

fn ref_from_bytes(source: &[u8]) -> Result<&Self, CastError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout + Immutable,

Interprets the given source as a &Self.

fn ref_from_prefix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(&Self, &[u8]), CastError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout + Immutable,

Interprets the prefix of the given source as a &Self without copying.

fn ref_from_suffix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(&[u8], &Self), CastError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: Immutable + KnownLayout,

Interprets the suffix of the given bytes as a &Self.

fn mut_from_bytes( source: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<&mut Self, CastError<&mut [u8], Self>>

where Self: IntoBytes + KnownLayout,

Interprets the given source as a &mut Self.

fn mut_from_prefix( source: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<(&mut Self, &mut [u8]), CastError<&mut [u8], Self>>

where Self: IntoBytes + KnownLayout,

Interprets the prefix of the given source as a &mut Self without copying.

fn mut_from_suffix( source: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<(&mut [u8], &mut Self), CastError<&mut [u8], Self>>

where Self: IntoBytes + KnownLayout,

Interprets the suffix of the given source as a &mut Self without copying.

fn read_from_bytes(source: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, SizeError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: Sized,

Reads a copy of Self from the given source.

fn read_from_prefix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(Self, &[u8]), SizeError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: Sized,

Reads a copy of Self from the prefix of the given source.

fn read_from_suffix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(&[u8], Self), SizeError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: Sized,

Reads a copy of Self from the suffix of the given source.

impl<O> FromZeros for I128<O>

where [u8; 16]: FromZeros, PhantomData<O>: FromZeros,

fn zero(&mut self)

Overwrites self with zeros.

fn new_zeroed() -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Creates an instance of Self from zeroed bytes.

impl<O: Hash> Hash for I128<O>

fn hash<__H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut __H)

Feeds this value into the given [Hasher].

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)

where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given [Hasher].

impl<O> IntoBytes for I128<O>

where [u8; 16]: IntoBytes, PhantomData<O>: IntoBytes,

fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

where Self: Immutable,

Gets the bytes of this value.

fn as_mut_bytes(&mut self) -> &mut [u8]

where Self: FromBytes,

Gets the bytes of this value mutably.

fn write_to(&self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), SizeError<&Self, &mut [u8]>>

where Self: Immutable,

Writes a copy of self to dst.

fn write_to_prefix( &self, dst: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<(), SizeError<&Self, &mut [u8]>>

where Self: Immutable,

Writes a copy of self to the prefix of dst.

fn write_to_suffix( &self, dst: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<(), SizeError<&Self, &mut [u8]>>

where Self: Immutable,

Writes a copy of self to the suffix of dst.

impl<O> KnownLayout for I128<O>

where Self: Sized,

type PointerMetadata = ()

The type of metadata stored in a pointer to Self.

impl<O: ByteOrder> LowerHex for I128<O>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Mul<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the * operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Mul<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the * operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Mul for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the * operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> MulAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the *= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> MulAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the *= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> MulAssign for I128<O>

fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the *= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Neg for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn neg(self) -> I128<O>

Performs the unary - operation.

impl<O> Not for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the ! operator.

fn not(self) -> I128<O>

Performs the unary ! operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Octal for I128<O>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Ord for I128<O>

fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering

This method returns an [Ordering] between self and other.

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl<O> PartialEq<[u8; 16]> for I128<O>

fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 16]) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl<O> PartialEq<I128<O>> for [u8; 16]

fn eq(&self, other: &I128<O>) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl<O: ByteOrder> PartialEq<i128> for I128<O>

fn eq(&self, other: &i128) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl<O: PartialEq> PartialEq for I128<O>

fn eq(&self, other: &I128<O>) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl<O: ByteOrder> PartialOrd<i128> for I128<O>

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &i128) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

impl<O: ByteOrder> PartialOrd for I128<O>

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Rem<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the % operator.

fn rem(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the % operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Rem<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the % operator.

fn rem(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the % operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Rem for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the % operator.

fn rem(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the % operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> RemAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn rem_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the %= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> RemAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn rem_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the %= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> RemAssign for I128<O>

fn rem_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the %= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Shl<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the << operator.

fn shl(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the << operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Shl<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the << operator.

fn shl(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the << operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Shl for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the << operator.

fn shl(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the << operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> ShlAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn shl_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the <<= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> ShlAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn shl_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the <<= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> ShlAssign for I128<O>

fn shl_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the <<= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Shr<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the >> operator.

fn shr(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the >> operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Shr<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the >> operator.

fn shr(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the >> operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Shr for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the >> operator.

fn shr(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the >> operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> ShrAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the >>= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> ShrAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the >>= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> ShrAssign for I128<O>

fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the >>= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Sub<I128<O>> for i128

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn sub(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the - operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Sub<i128> for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn sub(self, rhs: i128) -> I128<O>

Performs the - operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> Sub for I128<O>

type Output = I128<O>

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn sub(self, rhs: I128<O>) -> I128<O>

Performs the - operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> SubAssign<I128<O>> for i128

fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the -= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> SubAssign<i128> for I128<O>

fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: i128)

Performs the -= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder> SubAssign for I128<O>

fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: I128<O>)

Performs the -= operation.

impl<O: ByteOrder, P: ByteOrder> TryFrom<I128<P>> for I16<O>

type Error = TryFromIntError

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_from(x: I128<P>) -> Result<I16<O>, TryFromIntError>

Performs the conversion.

impl<O: ByteOrder, P: ByteOrder> TryFrom<I128<P>> for I32<O>

type Error = TryFromIntError

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_from(x: I128<P>) -> Result<I32<O>, TryFromIntError>

Performs the conversion.

impl<O: ByteOrder, P: ByteOrder> TryFrom<I128<P>> for I64<O>

type Error = TryFromIntError

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_from(x: I128<P>) -> Result<I64<O>, TryFromIntError>

Performs the conversion.

impl<O> TryFromBytes for I128<O>

where [u8; 16]: TryFromBytes, PhantomData<O>: TryFromBytes,

fn try_ref_from_bytes(source: &[u8]) -> Result<&Self, TryCastError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout + Immutable,

Attempts to interpret the given source as a &Self.

fn try_ref_from_prefix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(&Self, &[u8]), TryCastError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout + Immutable,

Attempts to interpret the prefix of the given source as a &Self.

fn try_ref_from_suffix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(&[u8], &Self), TryCastError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout + Immutable,

Attempts to interpret the suffix of the given source as a &Self.

fn try_mut_from_bytes( bytes: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<&mut Self, TryCastError<&mut [u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout,

Attempts to interpret the given source as a &mut Self without copying.

fn try_mut_from_prefix( source: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<(&mut Self, &mut [u8]), TryCastError<&mut [u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout,

Attempts to interpret the prefix of the given source as a &mut Self.

fn try_mut_from_suffix( source: &mut [u8], ) -> Result<(&mut [u8], &mut Self), TryCastError<&mut [u8], Self>>

where Self: KnownLayout,

Attempts to interpret the suffix of the given source as a &mut Self.

fn try_read_from_bytes(source: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, TryReadError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: Sized,

Attempts to read the given source as a Self.

fn try_read_from_prefix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(Self, &[u8]), TryReadError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: Sized,

Attempts to read a Self from the prefix of the given source.

fn try_read_from_suffix( source: &[u8], ) -> Result<(&[u8], Self), TryReadError<&[u8], Self>>

where Self: Sized,

Attempts to read a Self from the suffix of the given source.

impl<O: ByteOrder> UpperHex for I128<O>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<O: Copy> Copy for I128<O>

impl<O: Eq> Eq for I128<O>

impl<O> Immutable for I128<O>

where [u8; 16]: Immutable, PhantomData<O>: Immutable,

impl<O> StructuralPartialEq for I128<O>

impl<O> Unaligned for I128<O>

where [u8; 16]: Unaligned, PhantomData<O>: Unaligned,